15.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
1. Describe the photo of the tea kettle at the beginning of this section in terms of heat transfer, work done, and internal energy. How is heat being transferred? What is the work done and what is doing it? How does the kettle maintain its internal energy?
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2. The first law of thermodynamics and the conservation of energy, as discussed in Conservation of Energy, are clearly related. How do they differ in the types of energy considered?
3. Heat transfer (displaystyle Q) and work done (displaystyle W) are always energy in transit, whereas internal energy (displaystyle U) is energy stored in a system. Give an example of each type of energy, and state specifically how it is either in transit or resides in a system.
4. How do heat transfer and internal energy differ? In particular, which can be stored as such in a system and which cannot?
5. If you run down some stairs and stop, what happens to your kinetic energy and your initial gravitational potential energy?
6. Give an explanation of how food energy (calories) can be viewed as molecular potential energy (consistent with the atomic and molecular definition of internal energy).
7. Identify the type of energy transferred to your body in each of the following as either internal energy, heat transfer, or doing work:
(a) basking in sunlight;
(b) eating food;
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(c) riding an elevator to a higher floor.